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What is the circular economy?
1
 
What are the benefits?
2
 
What are the examples?
3
 
What are businesses doing?
4
 
What is the government doing?
5
 
How does finance work?
6
 
What does education do?
7
 
How do we make the economic sectors circular?
8
 
Explanation Literature list
KNOWLEDGE MAP Back to overview
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Circular Economy

What contribution can the government make itself?

In addition to drawing up specific policies, governments can also use their role as buyers and launching customers to drive the circular economy. In the role of purchaser, it is important that governments take the entire process from production to disposal into account. In order to effectively fulfil the role of launching partner, it is important that governments proactively seek cooperation with companies.

Circular procurement by governments

The term purchasing power is a good reflection of how a purchasing demand can influence prices, availability and development. Local governments have an annual purchasing volume of over 40 billion euros, while central government has a purchasing volume of over 20 billion euros (Pianoo, 2016). Traditionally, purchasing is about achieving the best price/quality ratio. Nowadays, purchasing is used to change the world. For this reason, dozens of government agencies signed the Green Deal Circular Procurement 2.0 in 2018 (Green Deal, 2018).

In the context of the circular economy, it is important to use the term procurement in the broadest sense of the word. In purchasing, attention should not be limited to the moment of purchase itself (the transaction) or even to the process from demand to the moment of purchase. Purchasing starts with the first description of the need and ends when the final product is reused or given a new application after its lifetime.

Governments should therefore consider procurement as the process by which:

  1. the government body formulates a demand for the realization of a work or delivery of a product or service based on a need;
  2. the government body then purchases this in cooperation with the supplier;
  3. the supplier supplies the product, work or service during the term of a contract on the basis of agreed conditions;
  4. the product is used after its lifetime.

In circular purchasing processes, the destination is a new application of the product, possibly in a secondary chain and under agreed conditions (Copper 8, 2018).

Read more about circular procurement here

Governments as launching partners

In line with their role as buyers, governments can also act as launching partners. In the coalition agreement it was agreed that the government would be a launching customer more often. In practice, this role is difficult to grasp. At its core, the government, as a launching customer, is a public client that actively stimulates the development and application of innovative solutions for its own social issues and contributes to further scaling up (Pianoo, 2019).

The Expertise Centre for Public Procurement (PIANOo) formulated four recommendations for governments to fulfil their role as launching costumers.

Support those who want to innovate

Invest in an organisational culture where innovation is of paramount importance. Make sure that policy and implementation together define ambitious and accountable goals and create room for customization and experimentation. Offer support to those who want to innovate and strengthen mutual communication and cooperation.

Raise the bar for suppliers

Governments should clearly indicate to the market what ambition they have. Encourage the market to get moving and contribute to these ambitions. Involve the less common suppliers, outline their earning potential and offer scope for innovation in the purchasing processes.

Participate in development

Sometimes it is necessary for the government itself to be actively involved in the development of the desired innovations. This involves supporting innovation efforts that help market parties to achieve the bar set by the government. Maintain the (idea) development together with the market, make agreements on the division of roles and revenues and organise the portfolio management of innovations.

Support upscaling

The further scaling up and roll-out of pilots is proving to be a major challenge. The focus (of pilots) is often on technical evidence and there is limited attention for learning about conditions for scaling up. The reflex to opt for proven technology is often great. In concrete terms, this means: develop scaling up plans, generate support and involve platforms that stimulate innovation.

For more information, see the PIANOo website.

Go to this question

About the Knowledge Map Circular Economy

The aim of this Knowledge Map Circular Economy is to present an overview of the present-day knowledge on circular economy issues. In this knowledge map, publications up to January 2020 have been included. Per question, a short summary is provided, with more comprehensive answers below. These answers are a factual representation of the original source. Direct access to the publications is provided via the clickable literature list.

The knowledge map is a product of the Dutch accelerator Versnellingshuis Nederland circulair!

Literature list

ABN AMRO, 2015

ABN AMRO. (2015). Circular Economy Guide – Wegwijzer Circulair Ondernemen. Retrieved from https://www.abnamro.com/nl/images/Documents/040_Duurzaamheid/Publications/ABN_AMRO_Circular_Economy_Guide.pdf

Accenture, 2014

Accenture. (2014). Circular Advantage: Innovative business models and technologies to create value in a world without limits to growth.

Achterberg, Hinfelaar, & Bocken. 2016

Achterberg, E., Hinfelaar, J., & Bocken, N. (2016). Master Circular Business with the Value Hill, 1–16.

Aldersgate Group, 2012

Aldersgate Group. (2012). Resilience in the Round: Seizing the growth opportunities of a circular economy.

Allwood, 2014

Allwood, J. M. (2014). Squaring the Circular Economy: the role of recycling within a hierarchy of Material Management Strategies. In Handbook of Recycling (pp. 445–477). Elsevier.

Andersen, 2006

Andersen, M. S. (2006). An introductory note on the environmental economics of the circular economy. Sustainability Science, 2(1), 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-006-0013-6

Appelepap, A. (2016), De cirkel is round

Lorem ipsum

Auping, 2019

Auping. (2019). Auping wint circular award business 2019.

Bakker, den Hollander, van Hinte, & Zijlstra. 2014

Bakker, C. A., den Hollander, M. C., van Hinte, E., & Zijlstra, Y. (2014). Products that last- Product design for circular business models. Delft: TU Delft Library.

Bastein, Roelofs, Rietveld, & Hoogendoorn. 2013

Bastein, T., Roelofs, E., Rietveld, E., & Hoogendoorn, A. (2013). Kansen voor de circulaire economie in Nederland. TNO

BMA ergonomics, 2019

BMA ergonomics. (2019). Circulaire bureaustoelen.

Bocken, Bakker & De Pauw, 2015

Bocken, N. M. P., Bakker, C., & Pauw, I. De. (2015). Product design and business model strategies for a circular economy. In Sustainable Design & Manufacturing Conference, 12-14 April. Seville, Spain.

Bocken, Short, Rana & Evans. 2014

Bocken, N. M. P., Short, S. W., Rana, P., & Evans, S. (2014). A literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 65, 42–56.

Boons, Montalvo, Quist, & Wagner, 2013

Boons, F., Montalvo, C., Quist, J., & Wagner, M. (2013). Sustainable innovation, business models and economic performance: an overview. Journal of Cleaner Production, 45, 1–8.

Braungart, McDonough & Bollinger, 2007

Braungart, M., McDonough, W., & Bollinger, A. (2007). Cradle-to-cradle design: creating healthy emissions – a strategy for eco-effective product and system design. Journal of Cleaner Production, 15(13–14), 1337–1348.

Casado-Vara et al., 2018

Casado-Vara et al. (2018). How blockchain improves the supply chain: case study alimentary supply chain.

CBS, 2013

CBS. (2013). Monitor materiaalstromen.

CBS, 2019

CBS, 2019. Materiaalmonitor 2016 – Technische toelichting

Circle Economy & Sustainable Finance Lab, 2016

Circle Economy & Sustainable Finance Lab. (2016). Master circular business with the value hill.

Circle Economy, 2018a

Circle Economy, PGGM, KPMG, EBRD, & WBCSD. (2018a). Linear Risks.

Circle Economy, 2019

Circle Economy. (2019). The Circularity Gap Report 2019

City of Amsterdam, 2014

City of Amsterdam. (2014). Towards the Amsterdam Circular Economy. Retrieved from www.amsterdam.nl/duurzaam

CIWM, 2014

CIWM. (2014). The Circular Economy : what does it mean for the waste and resource management sector? Retrieved from http://www.ciwm-journal.co.uk/downloads/CIWM_Circular_Economy_Report-FULL_FINAL_Oct_2014.pdf

Clavreul, Butnar, Rubio & King, 2017

Clavreul, Butnar, Rubio & King (2017) Intra- and inter-year variability of agricultural carbon footprints – A case study on field-grown tomatoes.

Copper 8, 2018

Copper 8. (2018). Circulair-Inkopen-in-8-stappen.

DEFRA, 2012

DEFRA. (2012). Resource Security Action Plan : Making the most of valuable materials.

Ellen Macarthur Foundation, 2013a

Ellen Macarthur Foundation. (2013). Towards the Circular Economy: Economic and buisiness rationale for an accelerated transition.

Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2014

Ellen Macarthur Foundation. (2014). Towards the Circular Economy: Accelerating the scale-up accross global supply chains.

Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2015a

Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (2015). Towards a circular economy: Business rationale for an accelerated transitions

Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2015b

Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (2015b). Growth within: a circular economy vision for a competitive Europe.

Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2015c

Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (2015). Delivering the Circular Economy: A Toolkit for Policymakers.

Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2016

Ellen Macarthur Foundation. (2016). Intelligent Assets: Unlocking the Circular Economy Potential.

Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2018

Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (2018). Scotland: Making Things Last – A Circular Economy Strategy.

Ellen MacArtur Foundation, 2011

Ellen MacArtur Foundation. (2011) Re-thinking Progress: The Circular Economy.

ESA, 2012

ESA. (2013). Going for growth: A pratical route to a circular economy. Retrieved from http://www.esauk.org/esa_reports/Circular_Economy_Report_FINAL_High_Res_For_Release.pdf

European Commission, 2014

European Commission. (2014). Scoping study to identify potential circular economy actions , priority sectors, material flows and value chains. European Commission. https://doi.org/10.2779/29525

 

European Commission, 2016

European Comission. (2016). Closing the loop New circular economy package. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/index_en.htm

European Commission, 2018a

Europese Commissie. (2018a) Report on critical raw materials and the circular economy.

European Commission, 2019

Europese Commissie. (2019). Implementation of the Circular Economy Action Plan.

European Commission, 2019

Europese Commissie. (2019a). Naar een circulaire economie.

Genovese et al., 2017

Genovese, A., Acquaye, A. A., Figueroa, A., Koh, S.C. L., Sustainable supply chain management and the transition towards a circular economy: Evidence and some applications, Omega, Volume 66, Part B, 2017, Pages 344-357

Green Deal, 2018

Green Deal. (2018). Ruim € 100 miljoen aan circulaire inkoopkracht in nieuwe Green Deal Circulair Inkopen.

Groothuis. 2014

Groothuis, F. (2014). New Era. New Plan. Fiscal Reforms For An Inclusive, Circular Economy. Case Study the Netherlands. Austerlitz. Retrieved from http://www.ex-tax.com/files/4314/1693/7138/The_Extax_Project_New_Era_New_Plan_report.pdf

Haas, Krausmann, Wiedenhofer, & Heinz. 2015

Haas, W., Krausmann, F., Wiedenhofer, D., & Heinz, M. (2015). How Circular is the Global Economy?: An Assessment of Material Flows, Waste Production, and Recycling in the European Union and the World in 2005. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 0(0), n/a-n/a.

Het Groen Brein et al., 2017

Het Groene Brein, P+ People Planet Profit & Duurzaam Door. (2017). Barrières doorbreken.

Het Groene Brein, 2019

Het Groene Brein. (2019). Versnellingshuis Nederland circulair! gelanceerd

Iles, 2018

Iles, J. (2018). Which country is leading the circular economy shift?

ING Economics Department, 2015

ING Economics department. (2015). Rethinking finance in a circular economy. Retrieved from https://www.ing.nl/media/ING_EZB_Financing-the-Circular-Economy_tcm162-84762.pdf

Jackson, 2011

Jackson, T. (2011). Prosperity Without Growth: Economics for a Finite Planet.

Jonker & Dentchev, 2013

Jonker, J., & Dentchev, N. (2013). Business Modeling for Sustainability: Identifying five modeling principles and demonstrating their role and function in an explorative case study. In Proceedings for the 8th Europen Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship: ECIE 2013. (pp. 340–346). Academic Conferences Limited.

 

Jonker, Tap, van Straaten. (2012)

Jonker, J., Tap, M., & Straaten, T. van. (2012). Nieuwe Business Modellen: E en exploratief onderzoek naar veranderende transacties die meervoudige waarde creëren (Duurzaam Organiseren). Nijmegen. Retrieved from http://www.degroenezaak.com/upload/documents/WP Nieuwe Business Modellen Jan Jonker e.a.pdf

Jordans, 2016
Jordans. (2016). Building a Collaborative Advantage within a Circular Economy: Inter-Organisational Resources and Capabilities of a Circular Value Chain.
Joyce, Paquin, & Pigneur, 2015

Joyce, Paquin, & Pigneur. (2015). The triple layered business model canvas: a tool to design more sustainable business models.

Kirchherr, Reike & Hekkert. 2017

Kirchherr, J., Reike, D., & Hekkert, M. (2017). Resources , Conservation & Recycling Conceptualizing the circular economy : An analysis of 114 definitions, 127(April), 221–232. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.09.005

Kjaer, Pigosso, Niero, Bech & McAloone, 2019

Kjaer, L., Pigosso, D., Niero, M., Bech, N., & McAloone, T. (2019). Product/Service-Systems for a Circular Economy: The Route to Decoupling Economic Growth from Resource Consumption? Journal of Industrial Ecology, 23(1), 22-35.

Kok, Wurpel, & Ten Wolde. 2013

Kok, L., Wurpel, G., & Wolde, A. Ten. (2013). Unleashing the Power of the Circular Economy. Report by IMSA Amsterdam for Circle Economy. Retrieved from http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Unleashing+the+Power+of+the+Circular+Economy#2

Kok, Wurpel, & Ten Wolde. 2013

Kok., L., Wurpel, G. & Ten Wolde, A. (2013). Unleashing the Power of the Circular Economy. Report by IMSA Amsterdam for Circle Economy. Retrieved from http://mvonederland.nl/system/files/media/unleashing_the_power_of_the_circular_economy-circle_economy.pdf

Korhonen, Honkasalo, & Seppälä, 2018

Korhonen, J., Honkasalo, A., & Seppälä, J. (2018). Circular Economy: The Concept and its Limitations. Ecological Economics, 143, 37-46.

Korhonen, Nuur, Feldmann & Birkie, 2018

Korhonen, J., Nuur, C., Feldmann, A., & Birkie, S. (2018). Circular economy as an essentially contested concept. Journal of Cleaner Production, 175, 544-552.

Kraaijenhagen, Van Oppen & Bocken. 2016

Kraaijenhagen, C., Van Oppen, C., & Bocken, N. (2016). Circular Business – Collaborate and Circulate. (C. Bernasco & L. Goodchild-Van Hilten, Eds.) (1st ed.).

Lee, Preston et. al, 2012

Lee, B., Preston, F., Kooroshy, J., Bailey, R., Lahn, G., Asia, N., & Asia, S. (2012). Resources Futures, 249.

Leren voor Morgen, 2018

Leren voor Morgen. (2018). Curriculum.nu: Feedbackronde 3.

LogiCE platform, 2019

LogiCE platform. (2019). Logistiek in een circulaire economie.

Lüdeke-freund, 2009

Lüdeke-freund, F. (2009). Business Model Concepts in Corporate Sustainability Contexts: From Rhetoric to a Generic Template for’Business Models for Sustainability’. Centre for Sustainability

Manu, Ankrah, Hammond, Wood,Baffour-Awuah, & Hingorani. (2014).

Manu, E., Ankrah, N. A., Hammond, F., Wood, P., Baffour-Awuah, K., & Hingorani, N. (2014). The Valuation Tool User Guide: Monetizing Cradle to Cradle. C2C Bizz.

Mentink & Houben, 2014

Mentink, B., & Houben, T. (2014). Haalbaarheid Grondstoffenlabel.

Mentink, 2014

Mentink, B. (2014). Circular business Model Innovation. Technical University Delft.

Mentink, 2014

Mentink, B. (2014). Circular business Model Innovation. Technical University Delft.

Milgro, 2019

Milgro. (2019). Onderweg naar Zero Waste met Royal FloraHolland.

Ministerie van Economische Zaken. 2005

Ministerie van Economische Zaken. (2005). Overheid als launching customer: Van best practice naar common practice.

Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, 2019

Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap. (2019). Toekomstgericht curriculum.

Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management, 2018

Ministerie voor Infrastructuur en Waterstaat. (2018). Kamerbrief met kabinetsreactie op de transitieagenda’s circulaire economie.

Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management, 2018

Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Waterstaat. (2018). Unie van Waterschappen.

MVO Nederland, 2014

MVO Nederland. (2014). Wegwijzer Circulair inkopen. Retrieved from http://mvonederland.nl/wegwijzer-circulair-inkopen-0#tab=pane-title-step-1

Nasir et al., 2017

Nasir, M.H.A., Genovese, A., Acquaye, A.A., Koh, S.C.L., Yamoah, F., Comparing linear and circular supply chains: A case study from the construction industry, International Journal of Production Economics, Volume 183, Part B, 2017, Pages 443-457.

Nederland Circulair, 2018

Nederland Circulair. (2018). Circular Awards 2018.

Nederland Circulair!

Nederland Circulair! (2015). Circulair Ondernemen? – 50 best practices. Retrieved from http://www.circulairondernemen.nl/uploads/54fdaa8651648c119b1eeddd5a8aa82c.pdf

OPAi, & MVO Nederland, 2004

OPAi, & MVO Nederland. (2004). Ondernemen in de circulaire economie “nieuwe verdienmodellen voor bedrijven en ondernemers.”

Osterwalder, Pigneur, & Tucci. 2005

Osterwalder, A., Pigneur, Y., & Tucci, C. . (2005). Clarifying business models: Origins, present, and future of the concept. Communications of the …, 15(May). Retrieved from http://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3016&context=cais

Padding, Croon, Haastrecht, & Dijkstra, 2015

Padding, T., Croon, G., Haastrecht, D. Van, & Dijkstra, R. (2015). Een kader voor circulair inkopen. Retrieved from https://www.pianoo.nl/sites/default/files/documents/documents/kadercirculairinkopen-20april2015.pdf

País Circular, 2019

Pais Circular. (2019). Agenda 2030.

PBL, 2014

PBL. Share of raw material costs in total production costs, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (2014).

PBL, 2017

PBL. (2017). Fiscale vergroening: belastingverschuiving van arbeid naar grondstoffen, materialen en afval.

PBL, 2018a

PBL. (2018a). Circulaire economie: wat we willen weten en kunnen meten.

PBL, 2018b

PBL. (2018b). Using planetary boundaries to support national implementation of environment-related sustainable development goals.

PBL, 2019a

PBL. (2019a). Opportunities for a circular economy.

PBL, 2019b

PBL. (2019b). Circulaire economie in kaart.

Peelpioneers, 2019

Peelpioneers. (2019). About the company. Website.

Philips, 2019

Philips. (2019). Refurbishing solutions for MRI systems.

PianOo, 2012

PianOo. (2012). Cradle to Cradle inkopen? Hoe doe je dat in de praktijk? Leerresultaten van een groep inkopers.

PIANOo, 2016

PIANOo. (2016). Het inkoopvolume van de Nederlandse overheid.

PIANOo, 2018

PIANOo. (2018). Circulair inkopen in 8 stappen.

Pianoo, 2019

Pianoo. (2019). De overheid als launching customer.

Plan C, 2013

Plan C (2013), Business Model Innovation Grid, http://www.plan-c.eu/bmix/

Plan C, 2014

Plan C. (2014). Business Model Innovation Grid. Retrieved November 28, 2016, from http://www.plan-c.eu/bmix/

Plastic Pact, 2019

Plastic Pact. (2019). Plastic Pact NL koplopers gaan voor meer met minder plastic in de circulaire economie.

Plastic Soup Foundation, 2019

Plastic Soup Foundation. (2019). Wat is de plastic soep. Website.

Poppelaars, 2014

Poppelaars, F. (2014). Designing for a circular Economy: The conceptual design of a circular mobile device. Schmidt MacArthur fellowship.

Port of Rotterdam & Rabobank (2012)

Port of Rotterdam & Rabobank (2012), Pathways to a circular economy.

Preston, 2012

Preston, F. (2012). briefing paper A Global Redesign ? Shaping the Circular Economy. Retrieved from https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/public/Research/Energy, Environment and Development/bp0312_preston.pdf

Renswoude, van , Wolde, ten & Joustra. 2015.

Renswoude K. van , Wolde, A. ten, & Joustra, D. J. (2015). Circular Business Models.

Rijksoverheid (2014b)

Van Afval Naar Grondstof

Rijksoverheid, 2014

Rijksoverheid. (2014). Van Afval Naar Grondstof – Uitwerking van acht operationele doelstellingen. Retrieved from https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/rapporten/2014/01/28/van-afval-naar-grondstof-uitwerking-van-acht-operationele-doelstellingen

Rijksoverheid, 2014c

Rijksoverheid. (2014c). Green deal Circulair Inkopen. Retrieved from http://www.greendeals.nl/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/GD159-inspiratiekaart-Circulair-Inkopen.pdf

Rijksoverheid, 2019

Rijksoverheid. (2019). Ruimte in Regels.

Rizos, Behrens, Kafyeke, Hirschnitz-Garbers, & Joannou. 2015

Rizos, V., Behrens, A., Kafyeke, T., Hirschnitz-garbers, M., & Ioannou, A. (2015). The Circular Economy : Barriers and Opportunities for SMEs, Centre for European Policy Studies.

Romero-Hernández & Romero, 2018

Romero-Hernández & Romero (2018) Maximizing the value of waste: From waste management to the circular economy.

Rood & Hanemaaijer, 2017

Rood, T. & Hanemaaijer, A. (2017). Waarom een circulaire economie?

Rood, & Hanemaaijer. 2014

Rood, T., & Hanemaaijer, A. (2014). Reflectie op Van Afval Naar Grondstof ( VANG ).

RSA, 2013

RSA. (2013). Investigating the role of design in the circular economy. Retrieved from http://www.greatrecovery.org.uk/resources/the-great-recovery-report/

RVO (2014)

INTERREG

RVO, 2016

RVO. (2016). Factsheet Eurostars-2. Retrieved from https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2016/01/Factsheet Eurostars.pdf

RWM, 2014

RWM. (2014). EVER-DECREASING CIRCLES: closing in on the circle economy. Retrieved from http://www.rwmexhibition.com/files/rwm14_ambassadors_doc.pdf

Sitra, 2018

Sitra. (2018). The circular economy – a powerful force for climate mitigation.

Sociaal-economische Raad (SER), 2016

Sociaal-economische Raad (SER). (2016). Werken aan een circulaire economie : geen tijd te verliezen. Retrieved from https://www.ser.nl/~/media/db_adviezen/2010_2019/2016/circulaire-economie.ashx

Stahel, 2010

Stahel, W. (2010). The Performance Economy (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved from http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/view/10.1057/9780230274907

Stockholm Resilience Center, 2010

Stockholm Resilience Center. (2010). What is resilience? What Is Resilience? An Introduction to Social-Ecological Research, 1–20.

Supply Value, 2016

Supply Value. (2016). Afval bestaat niet! – Een onderzoek naar de knelpunten en succesfactoren bij het toepassen van circulair inkopen in de praktijk.

Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences, 2014

Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences. (2014). Circular Economy: Improving the Management of Natural Resources. Retrieved from http://www.satw.ch/publikationen/schriften/kreislaufwirtschaft/a__circulareconomy_with_references_EN.pdf

SYKE, 2018

SYKE, (2018). A future the planet can accommodate.

Teece, 2010

Teece, D. J. (2010). Business Models, Business Strategy and Innovation. Long Range Planning, 43(2–3), 172–194.

The Terrace, 2011

The Terrace. (2011). Cradle to cradle Loont! Chart. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849772709

Themakring Cradle-to-cradle

Themakring Cradle-to-cradle,  (2012). Cradle to Cradle inkopen? Hoe doe je dat in de praktijk? Leerresultaten van een groep inkopers. PianOo

UNEP, 2006

UNEP. (2006). Circular Economy. An alternative model for economic development., 7. Retrieved from http://www.unep.org/chinese/documents/final_circulareconomy_wholedoc.pdf

UNEP, 2011

UNEP. (2011). Decoupling Natural Resource Use and Environmental Impacts from Economic Growth. International Resource Panel.

UNEP, 2017

UNEP. (2017). Resource Efficiency: Potential and Economic Implications. 

Van Eijk, 2015

Van Eijk, F. (2015). Barriers & Drivers towards a Circular Economy.

Van Veldhoven, 2018

Van Veldhoven. (2018). Kamerbrief met kabinetsreactie op de transitieagenda’s circulaire economie.

Vanderlande, 2019

Vanderlande. (2019). Sofas showcase circular opportunities.

VANG, 2016

VANG (2016). Voortgangsrapportage van afval naar Grondstof.

Vermeulen, W. J. V, Witjes, & Reike, (2014)

Vermeulen, W. J. V, Witjes, I. S., & Reike, D. (2014). Advies over een Raamwerk voor Impactmeting voor Circulair Inkopen, (SEPTEMBER 2014), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.2270.2086

Vermunt, 2019

Vermunt, (2019). Exploring barriers to implementing different circular business models.

VNO-NCW, 2019

VNO-NCW. (2019) Versnellingshuis laat circulaire economie vliegen.

Walmart, 2017

Walmart. (2017). Toward a zero waste future.

Wastelab, 2019

Wastelab, (2019). Verspillingsfabriek.

Waternet, 2019

Waternet. (2019). Hergebruik grondstoffen.

Waterschap Vallei en Veluwe (2018)

Waterschap Vallei en Veluwe. (2018). Beleidskader Circulaire Economie.

WBCSD, 2011

WBCSD. (2011). Collaboration, innovation, transformation: Ideas and inspiration to accelerate sustainable growth – A value chain approach.

WE Forum, 2017

WE Forum. (2017) Towards the Circular Economy: Accelerating the scale-up across global supply chains.

Working Group Finance, 2016

Working Group FinanCE. (2016). Money makes the World Go Round: and wil it help to make the economy circular as well? Retrieved from https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/ce100/FinanCE.pdf

Working Group FinanCE. 2016

Working Group FinanCE. (2016). Money makes the World Go Round: and wil it help to make the economy circular as well? Retrieved from http://sustainablefinancelab.nl/files/2016/04/FinanCE-Digital.pdf

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